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The Nationalization process in Pakistan (or historically simply regarded as the "Nationalization in Pakistan") was a policy measure programme in the economic history of Pakistan, first introduced, promulgated and implemented by people-elected Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party in order to lay the foundation of socialist economics reforms to improve the growth of national economy of Pakistan. Since the 1950s, the country had a speedy industrialization and became an industrial paradise in Asia.〔 But, as time progressed, the labour trade unions and labor-working class had strained relations with the industrial business oligarch classes, completely neglected the work conditions and failed to provide healthy environment to the workers class in the industries. The nationalization programme began on January 2, 1972, in a vision to promote economic democracy, liberalization, and a mainstream initial goal to put Pakistan in the line of state of progressivism.〔 Ended effectively in 1977, the nationalization programme was again put forward by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1996,〔 and as of current Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2012 who activated the programme in order to bring three major (Steel Mills, Railways and International Airlines) under the government ownership in an attempt to improve its structure and to alleviate its profitable process.〔 Despite its success in its formative years, such policy measure programmes met with an extreme level of spontaneous demonstration and international and national opposition that left disastrous effects on Pakistan's national economy until it was replaced with the privatization programme set forward by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1990 until the programme's final execution in 2008 by Shaukat Aziz. ==Nationalization phase (1971-1977)== Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928–1979) became President of Pakistan (1971–74) on December 21, 1971 after a disastrous end of 1971 war with India. The nationalization programme was implemented for the first time in the history of Pakistan and it was promulgated through three different stages. On January 1, 1972, on a televised speech to the nation, Bhutto and the peoples party's government promulgated the three-staged programme, under "Nationalization and Economic Reforms Order (NERO)", which nationalized all major metal industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals, cement and public utilities except textiles industry and lands.〔 The first stage of the nationalization programme integrated approximately 31 major industrial megacorporations, industrial units and enterprises, under direct management control of the government under 10 different categories of basic industries. The programme intended to assert public ownership over the industrial megacorporations, and to satisfied the labour unions in order to keep the industrialization peace in the country.〔 Namely, the first stage of the nationalization programme integrated the selective industries approved by the peoples party's government and the nationalization programme provided the iron and steel, basic metal industries, heavy engineering industries, heavy electrical industries, assembly and manufacture of motor vehicles, tractor public utilities, including the electricity generation, transmission and distribution, gas and oil refineries, under the management of public sector. After the success of the first stage, the nationalization programme stepped into the second stage when it was launched on 1 January 1974, intending to nationalized the banking and financial industry and sector in Pakistan. Passed by the parliament, over 13 major banks, over a dozen insurance companies, two petroleum companies and 10 shipping companies were forcefully nationalized. The second programme was presided by Finance Minister dr. Mubashir Hassan who strongly maintained that: "wealth of the nation must be used for the benefit of the nation and can not be allowed to be concentrated in the banks of a few individuals.".〔 On 1 April 1973, Bhutto held a meeting with members of Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry and maintained: The third programme soon launched in July 1, 1976, when approximately 2,000 cotton, ginning and rice husking units came under the nationalization programme.〔 This programme met with administrative nightmare and widespread public resentment. The third programme eliminated the role of middle men, and it was rumored that the producer as well as consumers of cotton, rice and wheat had been at the mercy of middle men trading in the milling of these commodities, with the result that producers were deprived of due share and consumer got poor quality and adulterated commodities at much higher prices.〔 By 1977, the peoples party's government had had built a strong and sizeable public sector with priority on cement, steel and fertilizers.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nationalisation in Pakistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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